Formation of N-nitrosamines by micelle-catalysed nitrosation of aliphatic secondary amines

N-Nitrosamines are an important class of potent human carcinogens and mutagens that can be present in water and wastewater. For instance, N-nitrosamines can be formed by reaction of nitrosating agents such as NO+ or N2O3 formed from nitrite under acidic conditions with secondary amine precursors by an acid-catalysed nitrosation pathway. This study investigates the catalytic effect of cationic and anionic micelles on the nitrosation of secondary aliphatic amines in the presence of nitrite at different pH values. The results of this study demonstrate that the nitrosation of hydrophobic secondary amines (e.g., dipropylamine and dibutylamine) by nitrite was significantly enhanced in the presence of micelles of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium chloride whereas anionic micelles formed by sodium dodecylsulfate did not significantly enhance the formation of N-nitrosamines. Rate enhancements of up to 100-fold were observed for the formation of N-nitrosodibutylamine in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. The magnitude of the catalytic effect of cationic micelles on the nitrosation reaction depended mainly of the hydrophobicity of the amine precursors (i.e., alkyl chain length), the stability and the charge of the micelles and pH. One important enhancement factor is the lowering of the pKa of the precursor alkylammonium ion due to the electrical potential at the micelle-water interface by up to ∼2.5 pH units. These results suggest that cationic micelle-forming surfactants might play a role in the formation of N-nitrosamines in wastewater, consumer products and in industrial processes using high concentrations of cationic surfactants.