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Related Concept Videos

RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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RNA Editing02:23

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Mapping RNA-RNA Interactions Globally Using Biotinylated Psoralen
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A recap of RNA recapping.

Jackson B Trotman1, Daniel R Schoenberg1

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|September 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cytoplasmic RNA recapping enzymes can restore the essential N7-methylguanosine cap to uncapped mRNAs, preventing decay. This process, observed across eukaryotes, reveals new insights into transcriptome regulation and RNA stability.

Keywords:
cappingcytoplasmm7G captranscriptome complexitytranslational control

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Gene Expression Regulation

Background:

  • The N7-methylguanosine (m7G) cap is crucial for eukaryotic mRNA function and stability.
  • Loss of the m7G cap was traditionally thought to lead to irreversible mRNA decay.
  • Recent discoveries revealed cytoplasmic enzymes capable of recapping uncapped RNAs in mammalian cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding cytoplasmic RNA recapping.
  • To discuss the biochemical mechanisms underlying RNA recapping.
  • To explore the impact of recapping on transcriptome regulation and diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on cytoplasmic RNA recapping.
  • Analysis of biochemical pathways involved in RNA capping and recapping.
  • Comparative analysis of recapping systems in different eukaryotic organisms.

Main Results:

  • Mammalian cells possess cytoplasmic enzymes that can restore the m7G cap to uncapped RNAs.
  • RNA recapping plays a significant role in regulating and diversifying the transcriptome.
  • Recapping systems exhibit convergent evolution, as seen in trypanosomes.
  • New insights into the biological significance of RNA recapping have emerged.

Conclusions:

  • Cytoplasmic RNA recapping is a vital process for maintaining mRNA integrity and regulating gene expression.
  • The study of RNA recapping offers a new perspective on RNA stability and turnover.
  • Future research holds promise for uncovering further biological roles and therapeutic applications of RNA recapping.