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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Migration00:53

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Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.
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Cell migration is a process by which the cells move from one location to another, playing an essential role in embryological development, repair and regeneration, immune response, and metastasis. Cells migrate in response to chemical or mechanical signals generated by specific organs or tissues. The overall mechanism includes three steps - polarization, protrusion, and release. Polarization involves the formation of a distinct cell front and rear, which determines the direction of movement.
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Cell migration, the process by which cells move from one location to another, is essential for the proper development and viability of organisms throughout their life. When cells are not able to migrate properly to their ordained locations, various disorders may occur. For example, disruption in cell migration causes chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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Ultrafast Hydrogen Migration in Photoionized Glycine.

M C Castrovilli1,2, A Trabattoni3,4, P Bolognesi1

  • 1Istituto Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR , 00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma , Italy.

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Investigating hydrogen migration in glycine cations using attosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses revealed a rapid 48 femtosecond hydrogen migration process. This study clarifies molecular dynamics in ionized amino acids.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Molecular Dynamics
  • Ultrafast Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Glycine is the simplest amino acid, crucial in biological systems.
  • Understanding cation dynamics is key to chemical and biological processes.
  • Ultrafast processes in molecules are fundamental to photochemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hydrogen migration in the glycine cation.
  • To determine the timescale of hydrogen migration.
  • To identify molecular conformations and cation states involved.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses for excitation.
  • Employed few-optical-cycle near-infrared (NIR) pulses for probing.
  • Measured photofragment yields as a function of pump-probe delay.

Main Results:

  • Observed a distinct hydrogen migration process in the glycine cation.
  • Determined the timescale of this migration to be 48 femtoseconds (fs).
  • Correlated findings with previous mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully characterized ultrafast hydrogen migration in glycine cations.
  • The 48 fs timescale provides critical data for molecular dynamics.
  • Identified key conformations and cation states involved in the XUV-induced process.