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Entropy02:39

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
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Entropy anomaly and linear irreversible thermodynamics.

Kunimasa Miyazaki1, Yohei Nakayama2, Hiromichi Matsuyama1

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Summary

This study calculates entropy production in colloidal suspensions using classical thermodynamics. It demonstrates that these established methods fully account for "hidden" entropy, reconciling different theoretical viewpoints.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Colloidal Science
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Recent discussions in stochastic thermodynamics have highlighted
  • anomalous
  • or
  • hidden
  • entropy.
  • Classical irreversible thermodynamics and linear response theory provide established frameworks for analyzing systems far from equilibrium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate the irreversible currents and entropy production rate in a dilute colloidal suspension.
  • To demonstrate that classical thermodynamic frameworks can fully account for
  • hidden
  • entropy.
  • To compare results from linear irreversible thermodynamics and linear response theory.

Main Methods:

  • Application of linear irreversible thermodynamics.
  • Utilizing linear response theory.
  • Calculation of entropy production rate and irreversible currents for a dilute colloidal suspension.

Main Results:

  • The entropy production rate and irreversible currents were successfully calculated.
  • The
  • hidden
  • entropy, a topic of recent debate, is fully explained within classical frameworks.
  • Both linear irreversible thermodynamics and linear response theory yield identical results.

Conclusions:

  • Classical thermodynamic approaches are sufficient to explain phenomena previously attributed to
  • hidden
  • entropy.
  • The validity of the local equilibrium assumption ensures consistency between different thermodynamic formulations.
  • This work reconciles differing perspectives on entropy in colloidal systems.