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Mayaro: an emerging viral threat?

Yeny Acosta-Ampudia1, Diana M Monsalve1, Yhojan Rodríguez1

  • 1Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, 111221, Colombia.

Emerging Microbes & Infections
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Mayaro virus (MAYV) causes mild illness but can lead to severe complications. Current diagnostic tools are limited, necessitating advancements in entomological research and molecular diagnostics for MAYV.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus in the Togaviridae family, genus Alphavirus, co-circulating with Chikungunya (CHIKV), Dengue (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) in South America.
  • MAYV infections often present with nonspecific symptoms like fever, arthralgia, and rash, making clinical diagnosis challenging and often indistinguishable from other arboviruses.
  • While typically mild and self-limiting, MAYV can cause severe manifestations including chronic polyarthritis, neurological disorders, hemorrhage, myocarditis, and fatalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Mayaro virus (MAYV) infection, highlighting diagnostic challenges and the need for improved detection methods.
  • To emphasize the clinical and epidemiological significance of MAYV in the context of co-circulating arboviruses.
  • To call for enhanced research in entomology and the development of specific molecular diagnostic tools for MAYV.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on Mayaro virus (MAYV), covering its virology, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnostic limitations.
  • Information was gathered on arboviruses with similar clinical presentations, such as CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV, to contextualize MAYV's impact.
  • The review critically assesses current diagnostic approaches, including serological methods and their associated challenges like cross-reactivity and window periods.

Main Results:

  • Mayaro virus (MAYV) shares clinical similarities with other arboviruses, complicating diagnosis based on symptoms alone.
  • Existing diagnostic methods for MAYV are limited; serological tests suffer from cross-reactivity and detection window issues.
  • Severe MAYV manifestations, though less common, pose significant public health risks, underscoring the need for accurate and timely diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of Mayaro virus (MAYV) is hindered by non-specific symptoms and limitations in current diagnostic tools.
  • There is an urgent need for the development of highly specific molecular diagnostic methods for MAYV.
  • Further entomological research and public health initiatives are crucial for effective prevention and treatment of MAYV infections.