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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Denver Papillae Protocol for Objective Analysis of Fungiform Papillae
Published on: June 8, 2015
[Treat or prevent the loss of inter-dental papillae]
Olivier Sorel1, Damien Brezulier1
1Université de Rennes, Pole Odontologie, 2 avenue Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes France.
Introduction:
Contemporary literature agrees that orthodontic results can no longer be limited to occluso-functional success. The integration of the teeth into a healthy periodontium is essential to good treatment finish and durability.
Materials And Methods:
This article proposes to describe the orthodontic physiopathological and iatrogenic lesions leading to the opening of black triangles in place of the inter-dental papillae. It goes on to discuss different periodontal, prosthetic as well as orthodontic reconstruction protocols.
Results:
This last point, supported by a biological rationale well-known to periodontologists, is described using clinical cases.
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