Effect of Transient Wave Forcing on the Behavior of Arsenic in a Nearshore Aquifer

Groundwater-coastal water interactions influence the fate of inorganic chemicals in nearshore aquifers and their flux to receiving coastal waters. This study evaluates the impact of variable wave conditions on the geochemical changes and distribution of mobile arsenic (As) in a nearshore aquifer. Field measurements in a sandy nearshore aquifer on Lake Erie, Canada, are presented with geochemical changes analyzed over a period of high waves. A numerical model of wave-induced groundwater flow dynamics, validated against field data, is used to provide insight into the physical flow processes underlying the observed geochemical changes. Rapid changes in dissolved As, Fe, Mn, and S demonstrate the importance of reactions as well as dynamic transport in controlling the behavior of reactive species, especially those that are redox sensitive. Field data suggest the presence of sediment traps, which under certain hydrological and geochemical conditions may result in a "hot moment" with episodic release of As. The study provides new insight into factors controlling the fate of reactive species in dynamic coastal environments as required to better predict chemical fluxes to coastal waters. Additionally, it highlights the need to pay particular attention to "hot moments" for reaction and transport caused by storms and waves.