Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

2.8K
Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
2.8K
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

49.2K
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
49.2K
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

196.8K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
196.8K
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

6.7K
The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
6.7K
Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

914
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
914
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

7.4K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
7.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Role of TRPV4 in Repeated Variate Stress-Induced Increases in Voiding Frequency and Somatic Sensitivity in Male and Female Mice.

Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN·2026
Same author

Identification of an intrusive-hypervigilant phenotype of posttraumatic stress symptoms with unique stress peptide and amygdala functional connectivity profiles.

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same author

Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis PACAP Signaling in the Dorsal Medial Habenula Mediates Depression-Related Behavioral Responses After Chronic Stress.

Biological psychiatry·2025
Same author

Identification of an intrusive-hypervigilant phenotype of posttraumatic stress symptoms with unique stress peptide and amygdala functional connectivity profiles.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025
Same author

Chemogenetic modulation of PAC1-expressing neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) alters anxiety-related behaviors in male mice.

Behavioral neuroscience·2025
Same author

Associations between PACAP levels and psychophysiological indicators of fear and arousal in adults with posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Journal of mood and anxiety disorders·2025
Same journal

MYH2 as a Potential Modifier of Clinical Severity in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy.

Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN·2026
Same journal

Notch Signaling Regulates the Neuroprotective Effects of hUCMSCs in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia.

Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN·2026
Same journal

Co-Administration of LPC and LPS Enhanced the Spinal Cord Vulnerability in a Mouse Model of Focal Demyelination.

Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN·2026
Same journal

Biomarker Based ARIA Stress Test: A Proposed Conceptual Framework for Dynamic Biomarker-Guided ARIA Risk Stratification in Anti-Amyloid Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease.

Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN·2026
Same journal

The Association Between Alzheimer's Disease-Related Biomarkers And Parkinson's Disease Based On Single-Cell Sequencing Analysis Combined With Mendelian Randomization.

Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN·2026
Same journal

Integrated Bioinformatics and in vivo Validation Identify the MTRNR2L1/MTRNR2L10 Axis as a Candidate Regulator Associated with Cortical NLRP3 Inflammasome-Related Signaling in Experimental Epilepsy.

Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Functional Evaluation of Olfactory Pathways in Living Xenopus Tadpoles
07:33

Functional Evaluation of Olfactory Pathways in Living Xenopus Tadpoles

Published on: December 11, 2018

7.3K

PACAP/PAC1 Expression and Function in Micturition Pathways.

Jacqueline Ojala1, Katharine Tooke1, Harrison Hsiang1

  • 1Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Given Building, D405A, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.

Journal of Molecular Neuroscience : MN
|September 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) system impacts bladder function. Blocking this system may treat bladder pain syndrome (BPS) and reduce urinary dysfunction.

Keywords:
CyclophosphamideCystometryNGFNeuropeptidesSomatic sensation

More Related Videos

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays
14:06

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Published on: November 12, 2012

47.0K
Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization
03:08

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Published on: October 3, 2025

990

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Functional Evaluation of Olfactory Pathways in Living Xenopus Tadpoles
07:33

Functional Evaluation of Olfactory Pathways in Living Xenopus Tadpoles

Published on: December 11, 2018

7.3K
Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays
14:06

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Published on: November 12, 2012

47.0K
Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization
03:08

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Published on: October 3, 2025

990

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Urology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Neural circuits in the central and peripheral nervous systems control the micturition reflex.
  • Neural injury, inflammation, and diseases can impair micturition reflex function.
  • The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor system is present in the lower urinary tract (LUT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the PACAP/PAC1 receptor system in the lower urinary tract.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic potential of blocking the PACAP/PAC1 receptor system in bladder pain syndrome (BPS)/interstitial cystitis (IC).

Main Methods:

  • Examined PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression, distribution, and function in preclinical models of BPS/IC.
  • Assessed the effects of PACAP/PAC1 receptor system blockade on voiding frequency and somatic sensitivity in animal models.

Main Results:

  • PACAP and PAC1 receptors are expressed in the LUT and their expression/function changes in BPS/IC models.
  • Blocking the PACAP/PAC1 receptor system reduced voiding frequency and somatic sensitivity in preclinical models.
  • A transgenic mouse model mimicking BPS/IC symptoms showed similar responses to PACAP/PAC1 receptor blockade.

Conclusions:

  • The PACAP/PAC1 receptor system plays a role in micturition pathways.
  • Targeting the PACAP/PAC1 receptor system offers a potential therapeutic strategy for LUT dysfunction associated with bladder inflammation and BPS/IC.