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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
655
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
587
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

547
IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
547
Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

345
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
345
Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management01:27

Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management

289
A comprehensive nursing assessment is essential for patients with valvular heart disease, which involves any dysfunction of the heart valves that could impact blood flow and overall heart function.Subjective Data Collection:Chief Complaint and Present Illness: Start with the patient's primary concerns, focusing on the onset, duration, and progression of cardiac symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, and palpitations.Past Medical History: Collect detailed information on any previous...
289
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

604
IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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The Mitral Annulus Disjunction Arrhythmic Syndrome.

Lars A Dejgaard1, Eystein T Skjølsvik2, Øyvind H Lie2

  • 1Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/LDejgaard.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology
|September 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) is linked to frequent ventricular arrhythmias, even without mitral valve prolapse (MVP). This study highlights MAD as a potential cause of cardiac events, emphasizing its arrhythmogenic nature.

Keywords:
cardiac magnetic resonancecardiomyopathymitral annulus disjunctionmitral regurgitationmitral valve prolapseventricular arrhythmia

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Electrophysiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) is an abnormal displacement of the mitral valve leaflet hinge point into the atrium.
  • MAD is associated with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and sudden cardiac death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical presentation, MAD morphology, association with MVP, and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with MAD.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical examination of patients with MAD.
  • Echocardiography to assess MVP and measure longitudinal MAD.
  • Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to assess circumferential MAD, longitudinal MAD, and myocardial fibrosis.

Main Results:

  • 116 patients with MAD were included; 12% experienced severe arrhythmic events.
  • Patients with severe arrhythmias were younger, had lower ejection fraction, and more papillary muscle fibrosis.
  • MVP was present in 78% of patients but not associated with ventricular arrhythmias.

Conclusions:

  • Ventricular arrhythmias are frequent in patients with MAD.
  • MAD is an arrhythmogenic entity, independent of MVP.
  • MAD can occur around a significant portion of the mitral annulus.