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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

82.8K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

7.8K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

156.6K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
11.0K
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

14.0K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
14.0K
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

12.8K
Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
12.8K

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Related Experiment Video

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Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
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Transcriptional Programs Underlying Cd4 T Cell Differentiation and Functions.

Fanny Chalmin1, Etienne Humblin1, François Ghiringhelli2

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231, Dijon, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
|September 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Naive CD4 T cells differentiate into subtypes, crucial for immune responses against infections and cancer. Transcriptional regulation, involving key factors, controls this complex helper T cell differentiation process.

Keywords:
CytokinesSTATT CD4 lymphocytesTranscription factorsTranscriptional network

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Cellular differentiation is fundamental to development and disease.
  • Naive CD4 T cells differentiate into distinct helper populations, influencing immune responses.
  • CD4 T cell differentiation involves complex cytokine signaling and transcriptional networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the transcriptional regulation governing helper T cell differentiation.
  • To highlight the roles of initiator and master regulator transcription factors.
  • To discuss how non-specific factors modulate T helper polarization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of transcriptional regulation in T helper cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathways.
  • Examination of master regulator and non-specific transcription factors.

Main Results:

  • Cytokine stimulation triggers complex transcriptional networks for CD4 T cell differentiation.
  • Specific transcription factors, including STATs and master regulators, dictate helper T cell subtype functions.
  • Non-specific transcription factors refine and stabilize differentiation pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Transcriptional regulation is central to understanding CD4 T cell differentiation.
  • Master regulators and other factors precisely control T helper cell polarization.
  • This knowledge is vital for immune response modulation in infection and cancer therapy.