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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Generating a Fractal Microstructure of Laminin-111 to Signal to Cells
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Using fractal geometry to examine failed implants and prostheses.

Jason A Griggs1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|September 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a precise fractal geometry protocol for analyzing ceramic fracture surfaces. The new method accurately assessed both lab-tested and clinically retrieved dental implants, proving effective for dental ceramics.

Keywords:
Atomic force microscopyDental ceramicsDental implantsFractal analysisFractographyLithium disilicateSilica glassSilicon nitrideY-TZP

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Fractal Geometry
  • Ceramic Engineering

Background:

  • Fracture surface analysis is crucial for understanding material failure.
  • Fractal geometry offers a quantitative method for characterizing complex surfaces.
  • Existing methods for analyzing ceramic fracture surfaces lack precision and accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel, precise, and accurate protocol for analyzing ceramic fracture surfaces using fractal geometry.
  • To apply this protocol to both clinically retrieved and standard test specimens of dental ceramics.

Main Methods:

  • A MathCAD script was used to transfer atomic force microscope scan data to FRACTALS software.
  • The Minkowski Cover algorithm was selected for its precision in determining fractal dimensional increment (D*) values.
  • The protocol was tested on silica glass, Y-TZP (yttria-stabilized zirconia), and clinically failed Y-TZP dental implants.

Main Results:

  • The Minkowski Cover algorithm, after bias correction, provided precise D* values.
  • No significant difference in D* was observed between specimens fractured in water versus saliva.
  • Epoxy replicas accurately represented the D* values of original Y-TZP specimens, and dental implants exhibited fractal characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The developed fractal geometry protocol is a powerful and accurate tool for analyzing fracture surfaces of dental ceramic materials.
  • The protocol's reliability was demonstrated on various ceramic types and clinical samples.
  • This method enhances the understanding of failure mechanisms in dental ceramics.