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Related Concept Videos

Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in...
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Data collection refers to a systematic way of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. Observational studies are one of the most widely used methods of data collection. It involves collecting data by observing the behavior and physical characteristics of a sample without making any modifications to the sample.
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There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation
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Published on: December 31, 2013

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Happy birthday? An observational study.

Gabrielle E Kelly1, Cecily C Kelleher2

  • 1School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
|September 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Famous individuals may alter their death timing around their birthday. Some groups show a dip in deaths near their birthday, while others, particularly women, exhibit an opposite trend, suggesting a birthday-deathday link.

Keywords:
biostatisticsdirectional statisticsmortalitypsychological stresspsychosocial factors

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Area of Science:

  • Biostatistics
  • Sociology
  • Demography

Background:

  • Contradictory findings exist regarding the relationship between birthday and deathday.
  • Research has explored whether individuals postpone death until after their birthday.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phenomenon of death timing relative to birthdays in various groups of famous people.
  • To analyze patterns in death dates surrounding birthdays across different professions and achievements.

Main Methods:

  • Collected birthday and deathday data for eight groups of famous individuals (e.g., prime ministers, presidents, award winners, Nobel laureates, Wimbledon champions).
  • Calculated the difference in days between deathday and birthday for each individual.
  • Assessed deviations from a uniform distribution of these differences using goodness-of-fit tests on a circle.

Main Results:

  • All studied groups showed departures from uniform death distribution around birthdays.
  • British prime ministers, US presidents, Academy Award actors/directors, Nobel laureates, and Wimbledon men exhibited a 'dip' in deaths near their birthday.
  • Academy Award female actors and Wimbledon ladies showed a rise in deaths before and after their birthday; Nobel laureates in Science and Literature had a 'dip', unlike other categories.

Conclusions:

  • A notable phenomenon occurs with death dates around birthdays.
  • While some groups display a reduced death rate near their birthday, others, particularly women, show an increased death rate, indicating a complex relationship.