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tRNA Activation02:26

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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter...
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme
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tRNA diversification among uncultured archeon clones.

Mohammad Mahfuz Ali Khan Shawan1, Md Ashraful Hasan1, Raihana Yesmin2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.

Bioinformation
|September 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified eight functional transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in uncultured archaeon genomes. This study provides valuable data on tRNA diversity in prokaryotes.

Keywords:
ENDMEMO GC calculating toolGC percentageNCBI BioSample databaseUncultured archeon clonescove scoretRNA typetRNAscan-SE 2.0 tooltrue/functional tRNA

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Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme
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Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation Charging Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays
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Genome-wide Analysis of Aminoacylation Charging Levels of tRNA Using Microarrays

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Whole genome sequences of uncultured archaeon clones were obtained from the NCBI BioSample database.
  • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are crucial molecules involved in protein synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct digital data on tRNA from uncultured archaeon genomes.
  • To identify and characterize functional tRNAs and analyze their Guanine-Cytosine (GC) content.

Main Methods:

  • Whole genome sequences of four uncultured archaeon clones were analyzed.
  • tRNAscan-SE 2.0 was used for tRNA identification and structure sketching.
  • ENDMEMO tool was employed for Guanine-Cytosine (GC) percentage calculation.

Main Results:

  • Eight functional tRNAs were identified with cove scores above 20% and no variable loop.
  • Identified tRNAs were classified as Ala, Arg, Ile, Thr, Pro, and Val types, with cove scores ranging from 34.22% to 79.03%.
  • GC content in the sequences ranged from 42.89% to 56.91%, with tRNAs contributing 52% to 64.86%.

Conclusions:

  • The identified tRNAs represent diverse types within uncultured archaeon genomes.
  • The generated data is valuable for understanding tRNA diversity among prokaryotes.