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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay

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Published on: June 12, 2014

Retronasal Olfaction Test Methods: A Systematic Review

Hüseyin Özay¹, Aslı Çakır¹, Mustafa Cenk Ecevit¹

¹Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey

Balkan Medical Journal

|September 29, 2018

Summary

This study reviews psychophysical tests for assessing retronasal olfaction, identifying common methods like the candy smell test. Further research is needed to clarify test agents and concentrations for accurate olfaction disorder diagnosis.

Keywords:

orthonasal olfaction Olfaction disorders olfaction test retronasal olfaction systematic review

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Area of Science:

Otorhinolaryngology
Neuroscience
Psychophysics

Background:

Bibliographic study of psychophysical tests for clinical assessment of retronasal olfaction.
Review of test utilization and methodological properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and analyze psychophysical tests for assessing retronasal olfaction.
To discuss the clinical utility and methodological aspects of these tests.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review from 1984 to 2015 using PubMed.
Keywords: retronasal olfaction, orthonasal olfaction, olfaction disorders, olfaction test.
Analysis of 30 original human research articles after rigorous inclusion/exclusion criteria.

Main Results:

The three most common retronasal olfaction tests are the retronasal olfaction test, candy smell test, and odorant presentation containers.
These tests are often combined with orthonasal tests for comprehensive smell function assessment.
Identified limitations include lack of standardized concentrations/doses and supra-threshold measurements.

Conclusions:

Optimal test agents and concentrations for retronasal olfaction tests remain unclear.
Determining retronasal olfaction thresholds is a crucial next step.
Further research can refine testing methods and enhance understanding of retronasal olfaction.