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Mutation load dynamics during environmentally-driven range shifts.

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Species range shifts can lead to significant fitness loss and reduced recovery, potentially causing extinction. Range expansions, while also losing fitness, may persist longer than shifts, highlighting environmental change impacts.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Population Genetics

Background:

  • Species' fitness often declines during range expansions.
  • The impact of range shifts on specialist species is less understood.
  • Environmental change necessitates species adaptation through range shifts or expansions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of range expansions versus range shifts on species' genetic diversity and fitness.
  • To analyze the recovery potential of fitness after range shifts and expansions.
  • To investigate the influence of shift speed on fitness evolution and loss.

Main Methods:

  • Individual-based simulations were employed.
  • Analytical modeling was used to support simulation findings.
  • Genetic diversity, fitness loss, and fitness recovery were quantified.

Main Results:

  • Range shifting species lose fitness more slowly over time but can have lower fitness at equivalent distances compared to expanding species.
  • The speed of a range shift significantly impacts fitness evolution; fastest shifts cause greatest per-generation loss, while intermediate speeds cause greatest per-distance loss.
  • Range shifts show reduced fitness recovery and higher extinction risk, whereas range expansions can persist.

Conclusions:

  • Range shifts pose a greater risk of extinction due to reduced fitness recovery compared to range expansions.
  • The interplay between selection, mutation, and time influences fitness outcomes in both range dynamics.
  • Understanding these complex dynamics is crucial for predicting species survival under environmental change.