The impact of housing type on low-income asthmatic children receiving multifaceted home interventions

This study sought to evaluate whether government-assisted vs market-rate housing type influences the frequency of asthma symptoms or the quality of life scores among low-income urban children. In addition, the study sought to evaluate whether housing type influenced the success of in-home environmental and educational interventions in improving children's asthma symptoms or quality of life scores.

This was a before-and-after intervention design. Comprehensive health and environmental assessments and subsequent interventions were completed in 176 low-income households with 257 asthmatic children living in government-assisted housing and market-rate housing in Lowell, Massachusetts.

We collected environmental and health data with questionnaires at a baseline and a 12-month follow-up visit using the Children's Health Survey for Asthma and a walk-through environmental checklist. Education, tools to remove asthma triggers from the home, and home repairs and remediation were included in the interventions.

As in other studies of multifaceted home interventions, there were significant improvements in all asthma symptoms, reductions in healthcare utilization related to asthma, and improvements in quality of life domains for children in both housing types. Environmental indices also improved from the baseline to the final assessment for both housing types. However, the housing type was an important factor in predicting a child's asthma status at the start of the study, with children living in government-assisted housing having significantly better physical health scores (76.8 of 100) and family emotional health scores (74.8 of 100) and fewer overnight hospital stays (mean of 0.02 in the previous 4 weeks) than children living in market-rate housing (67.6, 71.6, and 0.06, respectively). Examination of the change in the health status over the 1-year study period found that children living in market-rate housing had significantly larger reductions in the number of asthma attacks (0.43 in the previous 4 weeks versus 0.24 in assisted housing) and overnight hospital stays (0.06 in the previous 4 weeks versus 0.01 in assisted housing) and larger improvements in physical health quality of life scores (54% improved versus 25.5% in assisted housing).

Public assistance for low-income urban housing is associated with better health among children with asthma, and may influence the impact the in-home interventions have on health outcomes because children in market-rate housing have more prospects for improvement in their asthma-related health.