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Therapeutic Index

Therapeutic Index

The therapeutic index of a drug is a key parameter in pharmacology that quantifies the relative safety of a drug by calculating the ratio between the dose that causes toxicity in half the population (50%) to the dose that proves to be effective for half the population (50%). It provides a spectrum of doses for a particular drug ranging from effective to potentially toxic. To illustrate, consider an anticoagulant agent like warfarin. It possesses a narrow window within its therapeutic index to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Bronchial Thermoplasty: A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Severe Asthma

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Published on: November 4, 2010

Current Therapeutic Approaches to DCIS.

Kaleigh Doke¹, Shirley Butler¹, Melissa P Mitchell²

¹Department of Radiation Oncology, The Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mailstop 4033, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.

Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia

|September 30, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) management is evolving, shifting towards de-escalating therapy to reduce toxicity. A multidisciplinary approach personalizes treatment based on tumor biology and patient preferences for better outcomes.

Keywords:

Ductal carcinoma in situ endocrine therapy radiation surgery

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Breast Cancer Research
Clinical Management

Background:

Ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) treatment historically relied on invasive breast cancer data.
Modern advancements in imaging, pathology, and understanding tumor biology are reshaping DCIS management.
A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for de-escalating therapy and minimizing treatment toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the nuances of modern clinical management for DCIS.
To highlight key differences between DCIS and invasive breast cancer treatment.
To emphasize tailoring therapy based on patient and tumor characteristics.

Main Methods:

Review of current screening guidelines (ACS, USPSTF).
Analysis of surgical options: breast conservation, mastectomy, nipple-sparing mastectomy.
Evaluation of adjuvant therapies: radiation and endocrine therapy, and targeted treatments (trastuzumab).

Main Results:

DCIS is primarily diagnosed via mammography; lymph node evaluation is not recommended.
Breast conservation with radiation is standard, but adjuvant radiation may be omitted in low-risk cases.
Endocrine therapy reduces recurrence risk; targeted therapies are emerging for HER2+ DCIS.

Conclusions:

DCIS management requires a personalized, multidisciplinary approach.
Balancing disease control with treatment toxicity, cosmesis, and quality of life is essential.
Future directions involve further tailoring therapy based on individual patient and tumor biology.