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Hydration of Cement

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...

Soundness of Cement

Soundness of Cement

The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...

Portland Cement

Portland Cement

Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...

Fineness of Cement

Fineness of Cement

The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...

Strength of Cement

Strength of Cement

Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...

Types of Cement I

Types of Cement I

Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Three-Dimensional Printing Guide Template Assisted Percutaneous Vertebroplasty PVP

Three-Dimensional Printing Guide Template Assisted Percutaneous Vertebroplasty PVP

Published on: October 17, 2019

Bone cement modeling for percutaneous vertebroplasty.

Nicole Lepoutre¹, Laurence Meylheuc¹, Gabriela Iuliana Bara¹

¹ICube - University of Strasbourg - UMR 7357 CNRS - INSA Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091, Strasbourg, France.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials

|September 30, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new injection device for vertebroplasty (vertebral fracture treatment) allows practitioners to control bone cement viscosity and reduce radiation exposure. This innovation enhances patient safety and procedure effectiveness.

Keywords:

acrylic bone cement injection device percutaneous vertebroplasty viscosity modeling

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Models of Bone Metastasis

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

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Author Spotlight: Improving Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Surgical Accuracy and Efficiency Through Advanced Puncture Techniques

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Models of Bone Metastasis

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science

Background:

Vertebroplasty is crucial for treating vertebral fractures.
Current procedures face challenges including practitioner radiation exposure and inconsistent bone cement properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate an injection device for vertebroplasty that controls bone cement viscosity.
To enhance practitioner safety by minimizing X-ray exposure.

Main Methods:

Quantified bone cement viscosity during polymerization using a rotational rheometer.
Developed a behavior law for bone cement considering shear rate, time, and temperature.
Validated the injection device's ability to estimate and control cement viscosity via temperature adjustments.

Main Results:

A comprehensive bone cement behavior law was established.
The developed injection device successfully estimated and controlled bone cement viscosity.
Temperature manipulation was proven effective for viscosity control within the device.

Conclusions:

The novel injection device offers improved control over bone cement viscosity during vertebroplasty.
This technology enhances procedural safety for practitioners by reducing radiation exposure.
The device's temperature-based viscosity control is a significant advancement for vertebroplasty procedures.