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Related Concept Videos

Kinetics of Drug Elimination01:17

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Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial for drug development, dosage determination, and optimizing patient outcomes.
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Drug elimination involves many complex processes and does not necessarily differentiate between distribution and elimination. It is divided into two primary components: excretion and biotransformation.
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Drug Elimination: Non-Renal Routes01:23

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The liver plays a pivotal role in eliminating drugs and their metabolites, primarily through a process known as biliary excretion. This process involves the hepatocytes, the primary cells in the liver that generate bile. A range of transporters actively expels polar drugs or hydrophilic drug metabolites into the bile, which transports the drugs and metabolites into the small intestine. From here, they are eventually expelled from the body through feces. In some instances, the original drug or a...
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Drug Elimination: The Concept of Clearance01:06

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Drug elimination refers to removing drugs from the body, either through urine by the kidneys or through bile by the liver. Drug clearance is a pharmacokinetic parameter that measures the efficiency of drug removal from the bloodstream within a specific time frame. It is calculated as the rate at which a drug is eliminated from plasma divided by the plasma concentration of the drug.
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Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

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A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption01:22

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During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, lipophilic, and nonionized undergo passive reabsorption from the tubular fluid into the surrounding peritubular capillaries. This reabsorption process restricts their elimination through the kidneys. However, the majority of drugs are either weak acids or weak bases, and their ionization level is dependent on pH. By altering the pH of urine, the...
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An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime
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How much would eliminating drug crimes decrease racial/ethnic gaps in criminal conviction?

Alyssa W Goldman1

  • 1Department of Sociology, Cornell University, 345 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.

Social Science Research
|October 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eliminating drug convictions could reduce racial disparities in the criminal justice system for men. However, most individuals convicted of crimes would still face conviction even without drug offenses.

Keywords:
ConvictionCriminal justice contactDrug crimeLife tablesRace/ethnicity

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Area of Science:

  • Criminology
  • Sociology
  • Public Policy

Background:

  • Criminal justice contact is common in early adulthood, disproportionately affecting African American men.
  • Reducing drug conviction rates is a proposed strategy to decrease racial disparities in incarceration.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding how drug policy changes impact long-term conviction risk and racial disparities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively assess the impact of eliminating drug-related offenses on racial/ethnic disparities in men's cumulative conviction probability by age 30.
  • To analyze the effect of drug policy changes on conviction risk over time.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel application of the single decrement life table.
  • Analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97).
  • Conducted a quantitative thought experiment on policy changes.

Main Results:

  • Black men face a disproportionately higher risk of drug-related convictions.
  • Drug-related convictions occur at each conviction instance at higher rates for Black men.
  • Removing drug sentencing significantly impacts racial disparities but a small proportion would avoid conviction overall.

Conclusions:

  • Drug convictions contribute to racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
  • Policy changes targeting drug offenses may reduce disparities, but broader systemic issues contribute to overall conviction rates.
  • Further research is needed to address the complex factors influencing conviction disparities.