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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions
Published on: June 12, 2016
Emissions, environmental levels, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
Yanxiao Zhou1, Jinsong Liu2,3
1Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
Abstract:
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were labeled potential persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention and have structures and toxicities similar to those of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), which has caused considerable concern. This article reviews the current available literature on the status, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of PBDD/Fs. PBDD/Fs are widely generated in industrial thermal processes, such as those for brominated flame retardant (BFR) products, e-waste dismantling, metal smelting processes, and waste incineration. PBDD/Fs can form via the following routes: precursor formation, de novo formation, biosynthesis, and natural formation. The levels of PBDD/Fs in the environment and in organisms and humans have increased due to extensive consumption and the increasing inventory of BFRs; thus, the risk of human exposure to PBDD/Fs is expected to be high.
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