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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.7K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.8K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.8K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.2K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.2K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.2K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.2K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.2K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity
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Melamine-formaldehyde aerogel coating for in-tube solid-phase microextraction.

Juanjuan Feng1, Xiuqin Wang1, Yu Tian1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|October 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new melamine-formaldehyde aerogel coating on basalt fibers offers superior performance for in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This advanced material enables highly sensitive and efficient online analysis in water samples.

Keywords:
Basalt fibersHigh performance liquid chromatographyMelamine-formaldehyde aerogelOnline analysisPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsSolid-phase microextraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a widely used technique for sample preparation.
  • Developing novel materials with enhanced extraction capabilities is crucial for improving analytical methods.
  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common environmental pollutants requiring sensitive detection methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a melamine-formaldehyde (MF) aerogel coating on basalt fibers (BFs) for in-tube SPME.
  • To establish an online in-tube SPME-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system for the analysis of PAHs.
  • To assess the extraction efficiency, sensitivity, and repeatability of the developed method.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of MF aerogel-coated BFs.
  • Assembly of an online in-tube SPME-HPLC system.
  • Optimization of extraction parameters and analysis of eight PAHs in water samples.
  • Validation using real water samples and assessment of repeatability.

Main Results:

  • The MF aerogel coating demonstrated excellent extraction performance for PAHs.
  • Wide linear ranges (0.03–30 μg L⁻¹) and low detection limits (0.01–0.05 μg L⁻¹) were achieved.
  • High enrichment factors (2070–3246) and good repeatability (RSDs 0.77%–9.17%) were observed.
  • The method showed high sensitivity and reliability for analyzing PAHs in real water samples.

Conclusions:

  • The MF aerogel coating on BFs provides a highly effective material for in-tube SPME.
  • The developed online SPME-HPLC method offers superior performance compared to other SPME materials.
  • This approach is suitable for sensitive and efficient determination of PAHs in environmental water samples.