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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Published on: February 26, 2018

Orbital Tuberculosis with Intracranial Extension.

Batuk Diyora¹, Sachin Ashok Giri¹, Bhagyashri Bhende¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, LTMMC and LTMG Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

|October 2, 2018

Summary

Orbital tuberculosis (OTB) can present without systemic infection, even extending into the brain. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for vision recovery and resolving periorbital swelling.

Keywords:

Orbitotomy sinus tuberculosis

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neurology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Orbital tuberculosis (OTB) is a rare condition.
It often presents without evidence of systemic tuberculosis.
Diagnosis can be challenging due to atypical presentations.

Observation:

A 29-year-old male presented with painful periorbital swelling, a discharging sinus, and visual impairment.
Orbital CT revealed an intracranial extending cystic mass in the orbit.
Initial antibiotic treatment failed to resolve the symptoms.

Findings:

Surgical drainage and excision of granulation tissue confirmed OTB via histopathology.
The patient successfully responded to antitubercular treatment.
Complete resolution of periorbital swelling and improved vision occurred within 2 weeks.

Implications:

OTB should be considered in the differential diagnosis of periorbital swelling, particularly in cases unresponsive to antibiotics.
This case highlights the importance of considering OTB even in the absence of systemic signs or history of tuberculosis.
Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antitubercular therapy are essential for favorable outcomes in OTB.