Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 4, 2026

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
Published on: June 29, 2014
Irrigating Lettuce with Wastewater Effluent: Does Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide Inactivate Viruses?
Chlorine dioxide (ClO) treatment showed limited effectiveness in reducing enteric viruses in reclaimed water. However, no viruses were detected in lettuce irrigated with treated or untreated water, indicating a safe agricultural practice.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Microbiology
- Water Treatment Technologies
- Food Safety
Background:
- Reclaimed urban wastewater is crucial for irrigation in water-scarce regions.
- Wastewater may harbor enteric viruses resistant to conventional treatment.
- Assessing virus inactivation and potential contamination of crops is vital.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate chlorine dioxide (ClO) treatment efficacy on enteric viruses in reclaimed irrigation water.
- To determine the impact of ClO treatment on virus infectivity and lettuce contamination.
- To validate PMAxx-RT-qPCR for assessing virus inactivation.
Main Methods:
- Irrigation of baby lettuce with secondary effluent, treated and untreated with ClO.
- Analysis of human noroviruses (GI, GII) and astroviruses (HAstV) using RT-qPCR.
- Application of PMAxx pretreatment to differentiate between infectious and damaged viruses.
Main Results:
- No significant difference in virus concentration between treated and untreated water without PMAxx.
- Significantly lower human norovirus GI detected in ClO-treated water with PMAxx, confirming inactivation.
- PMAxx-RT-qPCR effectively distinguished between infectious and damaged viruses.
- No enteric viruses (NoV, HAstV) were detected in any lettuce samples.
Conclusions:
- ClO treatment demonstrated partial inactivation of enteric viruses, particularly human norovirus GI.
- PMAxx-RT-qPCR is a suitable method for assessing virus infectivity post-disinfection.
- Irrigation with treated or untreated reclaimed water did not result in lettuce contamination with tested viruses.
More Related Videos
10:53Concentration of Virus Particles from Environmental Water and Wastewater Samples Using Skimmed Milk Flocculation and Ultrafiltration
Published on: March 17, 2023
07:07Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes
Published on: April 7, 2017
Related Concept Videos
X-Inactivation
Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection
Cleaning
The cleaning process usually involves using water with detergents or enzymatic cleaner and removing foreign material from objects and surfaces, including organic material such as body fluids or inorganic material like soil. Cleaning is performed before high-level disinfection and sterilization because foreign materials on the cover of the devices interfere with process...
Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel
Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination
Carbon-dioxide Fixation
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins