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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

The Role of Fabric in Frictional Properties of Phyllosilicate-Rich Tectonic Faults
07:39

The Role of Fabric in Frictional Properties of Phyllosilicate-Rich Tectonic Faults

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The evolution of plate tectonics.

Robert J Stern1

  • 1Geosciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA rjstern@utdallas.edu.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|October 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Plate tectonics likely began in the Neoproterozoic era, evolving from earlier single lid tectonics. This transition explains major geological and evolutionary events on Earth.

Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Earth Sciences
  • Tectonics

Background:

  • Plate tectonics is Earth's dominant convection style.
  • Understanding its origin requires examining prior tectonic regimes and the transition process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the tectonic regime before plate tectonics.
  • To elucidate the establishment of plate tectonics.
  • To pinpoint the onset of the current plate tectonics episode.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the rock record.
  • Consideration of various geological and geophysical evidence.
  • Reconstruction of Earth's thermal and tectonic evolution.

Main Results:

  • Earth likely transitioned from single lid tectonics to plate tectonics.
Keywords:
lithosphereplate tectonicsrocky planetssingle lid

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  • The modern episode of plate tectonics initiated in the Neoproterozoic era.
  • This transition correlates with kimberlite ages, climate crises, and evolutionary acceleration.

    • Conclusions:

    • The Neoproterozoic transition to plate tectonics is supported by multiple lines of evidence.
    • Understanding this transition provides insights into Earth's dynamic history.
    • Acknowledging multiple tectonic styles is crucial for a complete picture.