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Related Concept Videos

Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

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Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
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Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

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The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
However, over time and under certain conditions like carbonation, chloride ingress, and cracking this protective state can be compromised. Steel has areas with...
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Reinforcement Schedules01:24

Reinforcement Schedules

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Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
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Reinforcements in Concrete01:25

Reinforcements in Concrete

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Reinforced concrete is a composite material used extensively in construction, combining the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile strength of steel. This synergy is essential as concrete, while excellent at resisting compression, is weak under tension. Steel bars, or rebars, are embedded in the concrete to handle these tensile forces. The choice of steel is strategic; it shares a similar coefficient of thermal expansion with concrete, which ensures uniformity in response to...
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Fiber Reinforced Concrete01:22

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

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Fiber-reinforced concrete significantly enhances the structural and nonstructural properties of traditional concrete by incorporating fibers like steel, glass, and polymers. These fibers, varying from natural ones such as sisal and cellulose to manufactured ones like polypropylene and Kevlar, are mixed into hydraulic cement with aggregates. Steel fibers, often preferred for their robustness, contribute to improved ductility, toughness, and post-cracking performance. The concrete is classified...
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Reinforced Brick Masonry01:15

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Reinforced brick masonry is an advanced construction technique that enhances the structural integrity of brick walls by incorporating steel reinforcements. These reinforcements are either placed within the hollow cores of bricks or sandwiched between two layers of masonry, known as wythes, and are then secured in place with grout. Grout is a fluid mixture composed of Portland cement, aggregate, and water, providing the necessary bonding agent for the steel and brick.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Murine Model of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy
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Published on: December 18, 2017

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Standardised Sleeve Gastrectomy Without Reinforcement.

William Lynn1, Andrei Ilczyszyn1, Rachel Aguilo1

  • 1Department of Bariatric Surgery, Homerton University Hospital National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom.

JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
|October 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standardized laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) techniques and perioperative care significantly reduce complications, including sleeve leaks. This approach negates the need for costly staple line reinforcement (SLR) in LSG procedures.

Keywords:
Sleeve gastrectomySleeve leakStandardizationStaple line reinforcement

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Area of Science:

  • Bariatric surgery
  • Minimally invasive surgery
  • Surgical outcomes

Background:

  • Sleeve leak is a primary concern in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).
  • Staple line reinforcement (SLR) is proposed to reduce sleeve leaks but increases costs.
  • Limited data exists on the impact of standardized techniques on LSG complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate that standardized operative procedures and perioperative care improve 30-day outcomes in LSG.
  • To show that SLR is not essential for achieving low rates of staple line leak and bleeding.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 303 consecutive LSG cases (July 2010 - November 2017).
  • Data collected included demographics, hospital stay, conversions, complications, and mortality.
  • All patients followed a standardized operative technique and postoperative protocol; SLR was not used.

Main Results:

  • A total of 15 complications (5%) occurred, with 5 severe (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥3a).
  • No conversions to open surgery, staple line leaks, or inpatient deaths were recorded.
  • No patients required readmission for early stricture.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized operative and postoperative protocols result in excellent early outcomes for LSG.
  • Standardization can eliminate the need for routine SLR, reducing financial costs for patients and hospitals.