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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary Distribution01:28

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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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Bioengineering Human Microvascular Networks in Immunodeficient Mice
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Primary immunodeficiency.

Christine McCusker1, Julia Upton2,3, Richard Warrington4

  • 11McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada.

Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology : Official Journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|October 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) are diverse immune system defects. Early diagnosis and treatment by a clinical immunologist are crucial for managing infections and improving patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) encompass a heterogeneous group of genetic conditions affecting immune system development and function.
  • PIDs can manifest as defects in adaptive immunity (T cell, B cell, combined) or innate immunity (phagocyte, complement).
  • Increased susceptibility to infections is a common clinical feature, necessitating prompt medical attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the major categories of PIDs.
  • To outline strategies for the diagnosis and management of PIDs.
  • To emphasize the importance of early consultation with a clinical immunologist.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnostic evaluation involves lymphocyte proliferation assays, flow cytometry, immunoglobulin level measurement, and specific antibody titer assessment.
  • Neutrophil function assays, cytokine response stimulation tests, and complement studies are also utilized.
  • Clinical suspicion is raised by recurrent infections, failure to thrive, poor antibiotic response, and family history.

Main Results:

  • Treatment strategies are complex, involving supportive care and definitive interventions.
  • Immunoglobulin replacement therapy is a cornerstone for B-cell and combined immunodeficiencies.
  • Immune reconstitution is critical for severe combined immunodeficiency, while innate immunodeficiencies may require prophylaxis, cytokine replacement, or transplantation.

Conclusions:

  • Timely diagnosis and management are imperative to prevent significant morbidity associated with PIDs.
  • A comprehensive diagnostic approach and tailored treatment plans are essential for effective PID care.
  • Understanding PID categories guides appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for these rare disorders.