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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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The “tree of life” describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ancestor to all life on Earth. All other species radiate from this point, much like the branches of a tree. The numerous tips of these branches on the tree of life represent every living, or extant, species. Extinct species, which are species that no longer exist, can be found towards the center of the tree. Currently, these organisms, both...
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Tonicity in Animals00:59

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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[Multidrug-resistant bacteria in animals and humans].

R Köck1,2, C Cuny3

  • 1Institut für Hygiene und Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Deutschland. kockr@uni-muenster.de.

Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin Und Notfallmedizin
|October 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, like MRSA and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, are frequently transmitted between animals and humans in Germany. Increased carriage rates are seen in those with livestock contact, highlighting a One Health approach need.

Keywords:
ESBLGermanyLivestockMRSAZoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Public Health
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria pose a significant health threat, causing morbidity and mortality, particularly in healthcare-associated infections.
  • Limited treatment options complicate management in both human and veterinary medicine.
  • The zoonotic potential of these resistant bacteria necessitates a comprehensive understanding of transmission pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing evidence on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria occurrence.
  • To investigate zoonotic transmission between humans and animals.
  • To focus on data specifically from Germany.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of scientific literature.
  • Analysis of publications from German national public health institutions.

Main Results:

  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum β‑lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae are common in animal-to-human transmission.
  • Asymptomatic carriage rates are elevated in individuals with livestock contact.
  • Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae have been detected on German farms, requiring further study.

Conclusions:

  • Colistin use in veterinary medicine drives resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), oxazolidinone-resistant bacteria, and multiresistant staphylococci also present zoonotic risks.
  • Antimicrobial resistance affects companion animals, wildlife, and the environment, emphasizing a One Health strategy.