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Related Concept Videos

Reflex Activity01:08

Reflex Activity

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A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups
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Learning by Example: An International Perspective on Reflex-Testing for Lynch Syndrome.

Vanessa N Palter1, Natalie A Baker2,3, Aaron Pollett4,5

  • 1St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. paltervane@smh.ca.

Annals of Surgical Oncology
|October 3, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Identifying Lynch syndrome (LS) is crucial, but current reflex-testing programs face limited uptake. This study reveals implementation challenges and facilitators for improving LS identification in hereditary colon cancer patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Lynch syndrome (LS) is the primary cause of hereditary colon cancer, yet fewer than 5% of affected individuals are identified.
  • Population-based reflex-testing programs aim to improve LS identification but face limited healthcare system adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the structure, implementation challenges, and future directions of international population-based reflex LS testing programs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and qualitative sampling to identify existing reflex-testing LS programs.
  • Interviews with key informants from seven identified programs.
  • Grounded theory analysis of qualitative data.

Main Results:

  • Three key themes emerged: top-down vs. bottom-up program approaches, the critical role of pathologists, and optimizing patient-genetic counselor liaison.
  • Implementation barriers included lack of stakeholder engagement and cost concerns.
  • Facilitators comprised strong administrative support for patient tracking and implementation flexibility.

Conclusions:

  • Existing reflex-testing LS programs exhibit variability in structure, standards, and protocols.
  • Program design significantly impacts genetic testing uptake.
  • Considerations for program design are vital for large-scale LS reflex-testing implementation in health systems.