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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...
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Related Experiment Videos

Spain: Health System Review.

Enrique Bernal-Delgado1, Sandra Garcia-Armesto1, Juan Oliva2

  • 1Instituto Aragones de Ciencias de la Salud.

Health Systems in Transition
|October 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Spain

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Area of Science:

  • Health Policy
  • Health Economics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Spain's National Health System faces challenges from an aging population and economic recession.
  • Despite budget constraints, the system maintains near-universal coverage.
  • Life expectancy in Spain is the highest in the European Union.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in Spain's health system organization, financing, and performance.
  • To analyze the impact of economic recession on health policies and sustainability.
  • To assess the strengths and weaknesses of primary care within the national health system.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of organizational and governance structures.
  • Review of health financing mechanisms and expenditures.
  • Examination of health care provision and reform measures.
  • Assessment of health system performance indicators.

Main Results:

  • Health status is improving, with high life expectancy, but chronic conditions are rising.
  • Public health expenditure dominates, funded mainly by general taxes.
  • Private spending, particularly out-of-pocket payments, has increased above the EU average.
  • Primary care remains central, but faces potential long-term challenges due to financing gaps.

Conclusions:

  • The Spanish health system demonstrates resilience post-crisis, maintaining universal coverage.
  • Structural reforms are needed to enhance chronic care management and resource allocation.
  • Key principles of universality, access, equity, and fair financing remain central.