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Related Concept Videos

PD Controller: Design01:26

PD Controller: Design

658
In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
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Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:07

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

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Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...
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Frequency-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:24

Frequency-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

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Proportional-Derivative (PD) controllers are widely used in fan control systems to improve stability and performance. A fan control system can be effectively represented using a Bode plot to illustrate the impact of a PD controller through its transfer function. The Bode plot visually conveys how PD control modifies the fan's response across various frequencies, providing a frequency domain interpretation of the controller's behavior.
The proportional control gain, combined with the...
376
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology
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CD84 regulates PD-1/PD-L1 expression and function in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Hadas Lewinsky1, Avital F Barak1, Victoria Huber1

  • 1Department of Immunology and.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|October 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

CD84 interaction upregulates PD-L1/PD-1, suppressing T cell antitumor responses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blocking CD84 may reverse this immune suppression, offering a new therapeutic strategy for CLL patients.

Keywords:
Cellular immune responseImmunologyLeukemiasOncology

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) involves abnormal B lymphocyte accumulation and immune defects, leading to infections.
  • T cells in CLL are dysfunctional, impairing antitumor immunity and contributing to T cell exhaustion.
  • Immune checkpoints, like PD-L1/PD-1, are implicated in CLL-mediated T cell exhaustion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of CD84 in regulating T cell function and immune checkpoints in CLL.
  • To determine if CD84 mediates the upregulation of PD-L1 on CLL cells and PD-1 on T cells.
  • To assess the therapeutic potential of targeting CD84 to overcome immune suppression in CLL.

Main Methods:

  • Studied CD84-mediated cell-cell interactions in human and mouse CLL models.
  • Assessed the expression of PD-L1 on CLL cells and PD-1 on T cells following CD84 engagement.
  • Evaluated the impact of CD84 on T cell responses and activity in vitro and in vivo.

Main Results:

  • CD84-mediated cell-cell interactions significantly upregulate PD-L1 on CLL cells and their microenvironment.
  • CD84 engagement leads to increased PD-1 expression on T cells.
  • This upregulation of immune checkpoints results in suppressed T cell activity and antitumor responses.

Conclusions:

  • CD84 plays a critical role in regulating immune checkpoints in CLL by modulating PD-L1/PD-1 expression.
  • CD84 blockade emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy to reverse tumor-induced immune suppression in CLL.
  • Targeting CD84 could restore T cell function and enhance antitumor immunity in CLL patients.