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Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Second Order systems II

Second Order systems II

In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.

First Order Systems

First Order Systems

First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...

Second Order systems I

Second Order systems I

A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...

Thermodynamic Systems

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

One year in review 2018: systemic sclerosis.

Martina Orlandi¹, Simone Barsotti², Gemma Lepri¹

¹Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Italy.

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

|October 3, 2018

Summary

This review summarizes recent advancements in understanding systemic sclerosis (SSc), a rare autoimmune disease. It highlights key findings in SSc pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment from the past year.

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Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

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Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Immunology
Internal Medicine

Background:

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease.
It is characterized by complex pathogenesis and multi-organ involvement.
Significant research efforts are dedicated to understanding SSc annually.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of recent literature on systemic sclerosis.
To highlight significant contributions to SSc knowledge over the last year.

Main Methods:

Literature review of scientific contributions.
Analysis of publications from the past year.

Main Results:

Recent literature has enriched the understanding of SSc pathogenesis.
New insights into clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of SSc have emerged.
The overview covers significant advancements in the field.

Conclusions:

The past year has seen substantial progress in SSc research.
Continued scientific contributions are vital for managing this severe disease.