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The Non-Avoidant Pacing Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation.

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A new scale, the Non-Avoidant Pacing Scale (NAPS), differentiates activity pacing from avoidance in chronic pain management. This tool helps accurately assess pacing strategies, linking them to better psychological functioning.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Pacing is a common chronic pain management strategy.
  • Existing pacing measures correlate with avoidance, potentially explaining poor outcomes.
  • A need exists for a measure distinguishing pacing from avoidance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Non-Avoidant Pacing Scale (NAPS).
  • To differentiate non-pain-contingent pacing behaviors from avoidance.
  • To assess the relationship between NAPS-measured pacing and psychological functioning.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Non-Avoidant Pacing Scale (NAPS) with 10 items.
  • Administered NAPS and other measures to 283 adults with chronic pain.
  • Used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to validate the scale.

Main Results:

  • Exploratory factor analysis identified two factors: planned pacing and pacing through flare-ups.
  • Confirmatory factor analysis supported an 8-item scale with good fit indices.
  • The NAPS total scale (α=.819) correlated with pacing behaviors and differentiated from avoidance.
  • NAPS was not positively correlated with avoidance and associated with better psychological functioning.

Conclusions:

  • The NAPS accurately assesses activity pacing in chronic pain without overlap with avoidance.
  • Pacing, as measured by NAPS, is associated with improved psychological well-being.
  • Differentiating pacing from avoidance enables precise evaluation of pacing's role in pain management.