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False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
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High delusional ideation is associated with false pictorial memory.

Lisa H Evans1, Hannah M McCann2, Jack G Isgar2

  • 1Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, UK.

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
|October 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Healthy volunteers with higher positive schizotypy and delusional ideation showed increased false memories and confidence in these memory errors. These findings highlight a specific link between positive schizotypal traits and memory distortions.

Keywords:
ConfidenceDelusionsFalse memoryPicturesSchizophreniaSchizotypy

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psychopathology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Schizotypal experiences encompass a spectrum of cognitive and perceptual anomalies.
  • Previous research on schizotypy and memory has yielded inconsistent findings.
  • Investigating specific dimensions of schizotypy is crucial for understanding memory alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between specific dimensions of schizotypy and false memory formation in healthy individuals.
  • To differentiate the impact of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypal traits on memory accuracy.
  • To assess the role of delusional ideation in false memory generation.

Main Methods:

  • A novel memory task involving image recognition of everyday items was employed.
  • Participants were tested on previously seen images, related lures, and new items.
  • Schizotypal experiences were measured using the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) and the Personality Disorders Inventory (PDI).

Main Results:

  • A significant positive correlation was observed between positive schizotypy/delusional ideation scores and the proportion of false memories.
  • Participants with higher positive schizotypy/delusional ideation exhibited increased confidence in their memory responses, irrespective of item accuracy.
  • No significant correlations were found between false memories and the negative or disorganized dimensions of schizotypy.

Conclusions:

  • False memory formation is specifically associated with the positive dimension of schizotypy and delusional ideation.
  • Individuals high in positive schizotypy/delusional ideation demonstrate a lower threshold for reporting items as 'old'.
  • The findings suggest a distinct cognitive mechanism linking positive schizotypal traits to memory distortions.