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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Contact Angle01:13

Contact Angle

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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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WAND2-A versatile wide angle neutron powder/single crystal diffractometer.

M D Frontzek1, R Whitfield1, K M Andrews1

  • 1Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
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The Wide Angle Neutron Diffractometer Squared offers high-flux neutron scattering for powder and single crystal diffraction. This versatile instrument is a unique North American resource with world-class capabilities.

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Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nuclear Engineering

Background:

  • Neutron diffraction is a powerful technique for probing material structures at the atomic level.
  • High-flux neutron sources are essential for advanced materials research and characterization.
  • The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) provides a unique environment for neutron scattering experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Wide Angle Neutron Diffractometer Squared (WANS) as a new high-flux instrument.
  • To highlight the WANS's capabilities in both powder and single crystal diffraction.
  • To establish the WANS as a leading neutron scattering facility in North America.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a high-flux neutron beamline.
  • Employing a 2-Dimensional Position Sensitive Detector.
  • Conducting powder and single crystal diffraction experiments.

Main Results:

  • The WANS demonstrates high versatility for various diffraction studies.
  • The instrument achieves high resolution and data quality.
  • Its performance is comparable to leading international neutron diffraction facilities.

Conclusions:

  • The Wide Angle Neutron Diffractometer Squared is a significant addition to the neutron scattering landscape.
  • It offers advanced capabilities for materials research and fundamental science.
  • The WANS is poised to become a key facility for the North American scientific community.