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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Effects of low and high dose oestradiol and dydrogesterone therapy on insulin and lipoprotein metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women.

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Related Experiment Video

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Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma
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Prevention of endometrial abnormalities.

M I Whitehead

    Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Supplement
    |January 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Adding progestogens to estrogen therapy effectively protects the endometrium, but optimal regimens for postmenopausal hormone therapy require further research to balance benefits and side effects.

    Area of Science:

    • Gynecology
    • Endocrinology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Exogenous estrogens alleviate menopausal symptoms and preserve bone mass.
    • Unopposed estrogen therapy increases endometrial proliferation, hyperplasia, and carcinoma risks.
    • Abnormal bleeding reduces cost-effectiveness and patient compliance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review strategies for overcoming endometrial hyperstimulation from estrogen therapy.
    • To evaluate the effectiveness and side effects of progestogen addition.
    • To identify optimal progestogen regimens for postmenopausal hormone therapy.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing evidence on endometrial protection strategies.
    • Analysis of sequential and continuous estrogen-progestogen regimens.

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  • Assessment of progestogen side effects and endometrial protection data.

    • Main Results:

    • Progestogen addition is an effective strategy for endometrial protection.
    • Sequential therapy requires 12 days of progestogen for maximum protection.
    • Continuous regimens often cause breakthrough bleeding; ideal regimens are yet to be developed.
    • Progestogen side effects vary by type, route, and dose; data on physical/psychological effects are limited.

    Conclusions:

    • Progestogen addition is the most sensible strategy for endometrial protection in postmenopausal hormone therapy.
    • Further research is needed to determine the optimal progestogen for balancing endometrial protection and patient tolerability.