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Environmental Selenium and Human Health: an Update.

Marco Vinceti1,2, Tommaso Filippini3, Lauren A Wise4

  • 1CREAGEN Research Center for Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy. marco.vinceti@unimore.it.

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Selenium exposure has risks. While deficiency is linked to Keshan disease, overexposure may increase risks for type 2 diabetes, prostate cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's.

Keywords:
CancerDiabetesEnvironmentEpidemiologyHealth risk assessmentNeurological diseaseSelenium

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Selenium is a ubiquitous trace element essential for human health, primarily obtained through diet.
  • Both selenium deficiency and overexposure are linked to adverse health outcomes.
  • The chemical form of selenium influences its toxicity and biological properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the health effects of selenium exposure, focusing on deficiency and overexposure.
  • To evaluate current evidence regarding selenium's role in human diseases.
  • To inform risk assessments by incorporating recent findings on selenium toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of nonexperimental and experimental studies.
  • Analysis of recent randomized controlled trials.
  • Examination of natural experiments and observational studies.

Main Results:

  • Selenium deficiency is primarily linked to Keshan disease (cardiomyopathy).
  • Selenium overexposure shows positive associations with type 2 diabetes and high-grade prostate cancer.
  • Inorganic hexavalent selenium overexposure may be associated with neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease).

Conclusions:

  • Existing evidence suggests selenium overexposure poses significant health risks.
  • Risk assessments for selenium require revision to include toxic effects.
  • Further research, including observational studies and secondary analyses of trials, is needed to clarify selenium's health risks.