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Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
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Though both plant and animal cells divide by mitosis (for non-gametic cells) and meiosis (for gametic cells), they differ in the specifics of this process. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrosomes — an organelle responsible for organizing the spindle fibers and segregating the chromosomes during...

Egoism and Altruism

Egoism and Altruism

Voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people is called prosocial behavior. Why do people help other people? Is personal benefit such as feeling good about oneself the only reason people help one another?

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Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...

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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery and Animal Welfare Outcome Improvements for Behavioral Neuroscience

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery and Animal Welfare Outcome Improvements for Behavioral Neuroscience

Published on: January 30, 2012

Animal Welfare in Nepal.

Krishna Prasad Acharya¹, Narayan Acharya², R Trevor Wilson³

¹Regional Veterinary Laboratory , Pokhara , Nepal.

Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS

|October 4, 2018

Summary

Animal welfare in Nepal is compromised by resource limitations and a lack of legislation, impacting food-producing stock, work animals, and others. Improving the status of these sentient beings faces significant challenges.

Keywords:

Charities culture legislation street dogs working equines

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Animal Welfare Science
Socioeconomics

Background:

Nepal's diverse agro-ecological zones support integral livestock populations for economic and cultural reasons.
Cultural practices, including the sacred status of cows and religious sacrifices, influence animal treatment.
Limited resources and infrastructure pose significant challenges to animal welfare.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current welfare status of various animal groups in Nepal.
To identify key factors compromising animal welfare.
To discuss potential improvements and assess the outlook for animal welfare in the country.

Main Methods:

Literature review of animal welfare in Nepal.
Analysis of factors affecting animal welfare, including resources, feed, veterinary access, and legislation.
Examination of welfare for specific animal groups: food-producing stock, work animals, street dogs, experimental animals, and captive elephants.

Main Results:

Animal welfare is compromised by inadequate feed, poor veterinary services, and lack of appropriate legislation.
Sentient needs of animals are often ignored, leading to inhumane treatment.
Welfare concerns are prevalent across food-producing stock, work animals, street dogs, experimental animals, and captive elephants.

Conclusions:

The prognosis for improving animal welfare in Nepal is not encouraging due to widespread socioeconomic struggles.
Addressing animal welfare requires significant resource allocation, legislative reform, and recognition of animals as sentient beings.
Collaboration with animal welfare charities is ongoing, but systemic change is challenging.