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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...
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The Glucose Control Resistance Scale

Maria-Eleni Nikita1, Helen M. Hendy2, Keith E. Williams3

  • 1University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland, United States

Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology
|October 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new scale, the Glucose Control Resistance Scale (GCRS), assesses factors like family conflict and emotional distress impacting adolescent diabetes management. This tool aids clinicians in understanding and improving glucose control in young patients.

Keywords:
Adolescent beliefsfamily conflictresistancenon-compliancetype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Adolescent Health
  • Psychological Assessment

Background:

  • Adolescent diabetes management is complex, influenced by factors beyond adherence to tasks.
  • Existing adherence measures often overlook emotional distress and beliefs.
  • Family conflict, body image, and self-doubt are linked to glucose control in adolescents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a new measure, the Glucose Control Resistance Scale (GCRS).
  • The GCRS aims to assess emotional distress, beliefs, and management decisions impacting adolescent diabetes control.
  • To provide a tool for understanding resistance to treatment adherence.

Main Methods:

  • A 12-item scale (GCRS) was developed using factor analysis with adolescent participants (n=135) and their parents.
  • Assessed family conflict, body image concerns, anxious self-doubts, and glucose control resistance.
  • Examined reliability and correlations with clinical outcomes like hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).

Main Results:

  • The GCRS demonstrated adequate reliability, with significant child-parent score correlations.
  • Family conflict emerged as a significant factor related to HbA1c levels.
  • While four factors explained 12% of HbA1c variance, only gender was linked to family conflict perceptions.

Conclusions:

  • The GCRS offers a valuable tool for clinicians to understand barriers to self-management in adolescents with diabetes.
  • It helps identify origins of family conflict and motivational beliefs affecting glucose control.
  • The GCRS can be utilized as a brief screening survey for interventions and improved patient care.