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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
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Blue carbon: past, present and future, with emphasis on macroalgae.

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Macroalgal ecosystems are increasingly recognized for their significant role in marine carbon sequestration. These ecosystems contribute to long-term carbon storage through biomass export and sedimentation, impacting global carbon cycles.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Carbon Sequestration Studies
  • Paleoceanography

Background:

  • Blue carbon initially excluded macroalgal ecosystems, focusing on seagrasses, salt marshes, and mangroves.
  • Growing evidence indicates macroalgal ecosystems are crucial for marine carbon sequestration.
  • Marine macroalgae contribute significantly to Net Primary Productivity (NPP), particularly haptophytic algae on eroding shores.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of macroalgal ecosystems in marine carbon sequestration.
  • To explore the historical and potential future contributions of macroalgae to carbon storage.
  • To assess the impact of environmental changes, such as ocean warming and acidification, on macroalgal carbon sequestration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on marine macroalgae and carbon cycling.
  • Analysis of the processes involved in macroalgal biomass production, export, and sedimentation.
  • Consideration of paleoceanographic data and future climate change projections.

Main Results:

  • Long-term storage of particulate organic carbon by haptophytic algae may have begun as early as 1.6 billion years ago.
  • Storage by rhizophytic macroalgae, seagrasses, tidal marshes, and mangroves initiated at least 209 million years ago.
  • Ocean warming may cause poleward migration of temperate macroalgae and stress tropical species, while increased CO2 favors uncalcified algae, potentially reducing sedimentation.

Conclusions:

  • Macroalgal ecosystems play a significant, though historically overlooked, role in marine organic carbon storage.
  • Understanding macroalgal contributions is vital for accurate marine carbon budget assessments.
  • Future climate change may alter the capacity of macroalgal ecosystems for carbon sequestration.