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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

4.5K
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
4.5K
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

71.4K
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
71.4K
Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

44.0K
An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
44.0K
Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces03:00

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

97.3K
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
97.3K
The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

30.2K
In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
30.2K
Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation04:01

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

39.0K
Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.
39.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Visualization of Recombinant DNA and Protein Complexes Using Atomic Force Microscopy
08:30

Visualization of Recombinant DNA and Protein Complexes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: July 18, 2011

23.1K

Visualization of perforin/gasdermin/complement-formed pores in real cell membranes using atomic force microscopy.

Yuying Liu1,2, Tianzhen Zhang1, Yabo Zhou1

  • 1Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.

Cellular & Molecular Immunology
|October 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Atomic force microscopy visualized cell membrane pores, revealing differences in pore structures and dynamics. This breakthrough offers new insights into cell death, inflammation, and disease processes.

Keywords:
AFMGSDMD/GSDMEcomplementmembrane pore formationperforin

More Related Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers
10:15

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Published on: July 22, 2015

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Near Simultaneous Laser Scanning Confocal and Atomic Force Microscopy Conpokal on Live Cells
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Near Simultaneous Laser Scanning Confocal and Atomic Force Microscopy Conpokal on Live Cells

Published on: August 11, 2020

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Visualization of Recombinant DNA and Protein Complexes Using Atomic Force Microscopy
08:30

Visualization of Recombinant DNA and Protein Complexes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: July 18, 2011

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Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers
10:15

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Published on: July 22, 2015

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Near Simultaneous Laser Scanning Confocal and Atomic Force Microscopy Conpokal on Live Cells
09:20

Near Simultaneous Laser Scanning Confocal and Atomic Force Microscopy Conpokal on Live Cells

Published on: August 11, 2020

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Cell membrane pores are crucial for cell death, inflammation, and disease, but their visualization has been challenging.
  • Existing methods lack the resolution to observe pore structures and dynamics directly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To visualize and characterize cell membrane pore structures using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).
  • To differentiate pore complexes formed by various pore-forming proteins (perforin, gasdermins, complement) in different cell types.
  • To observe the dynamic processes of pore formation, fusion, and repair.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for high-resolution imaging of cell membrane surface roughness.
  • Applied AFM to visualize pore structures in tumor cell membranes and immune cell membranes.

Main Results:

  • Successfully visualized membrane pore structures with high resolution, detailing aperture and depth.
  • Identified distinct structural differences between pores formed by perforin/gasdermins in tumor cells and complement in immune cells.
  • Observed dynamic events including pore formation, fusion, and membrane repair.

Conclusions:

  • AFM provides unprecedented visualization of cell membrane pores and their dynamics.
  • Distinct pore characteristics are associated with different pore-forming proteins and cell types.
  • This visualization technique opens new avenues for studying cell death, inflammation, and disease mechanisms.