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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Odor-aversion learning and retention span in neonatal mouse pups.

E Alleva, G Calamandrei

    Behavioral and Neural Biology
    |November 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Newborn mice learn to avoid odors associated with illness. This study shows 7-day-old mice develop aversions to scents paired with lithium chloride (LiCl), demonstrating early learning and memory in pups.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Developmental Psychology
    • Animal Behavior

    Background:

    • Early life experiences shape learning and memory.
    • Olfactory learning is crucial for infant survival and development.
    • Understanding the ontogeny of learning provides insights into critical developmental periods.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate olfactory learning and memory formation in early postnatal weeks.
    • To determine the age at which mice can form odor-aversions based on illness.
    • To assess the retention of learned aversions over time.

    Main Methods:

    • Swiss CD-1 mice litters were exposed to mint or lemon scents.
    • Illness was induced using lithium chloride (LiCl) or saline injection.
    • Odor preference tests were conducted on Postnatal Day 10 to assess learned aversions.

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    Main Results:

    • Seven-day-old mice exposed to lemon scent and LiCl showed significant odor aversion.
    • Aversion learning was not observed in 3- or 5-day-old mice.
    • Learned aversions were significant only when tested within 3 days of conditioning.

    Conclusions:

    • Mice can form learned aversions to odors associated with illness during the first postnatal week.
    • Olfactory learning capacity for aversion is age-dependent, emerging around postnatal day 7.
    • Short-term memory for learned aversions is established, but retention beyond 3 days is limited in this early developmental window.