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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Varicocele Treatment with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
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Treating varicocele in 2018: current knowledge and treatment options.

M Zavattaro1, C Ceruti2, G Motta1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
|October 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Varicocele, a cause of male infertility, can be treated with varicocele repair, improving sperm quality and DNA integrity. This review covers varicocele pathophysiology, clinical aspects, and treatment outcomes in adults and adolescents.

Keywords:
Male infertilitySpermVaricoceleVaricocelectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Andrology

Background:

  • Varicocele involves enlarged veins in the scrotum, affecting 5-20% of males.
  • It is linked to infertility and reduced sperm quality due to impaired blood flow.
  • This review examines varicocele's pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of varicocele.
  • To analyze therapeutic options and their impact on sperm parameters and fertility.
  • To assess treatment outcomes in both adult and pediatric/adolescent populations.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a comprehensive literature search of Medline and PubMed (1965-2018).
  • Utilized keywords including "varicocele," "varicocelectomy," "sclerotherapy," "male infertility," "subfertility," and "semen abnormalities."
  • Focused on publications detailing clinical aspects, treatment procedures, and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Varicocele correction, via surgical or percutaneous methods, enhances semen parameters in most patients.
  • Treatment effectively reduces oxidative stress and improves sperm nuclear DNA integrity.
  • Positive outcomes are observed in both adolescent and adult males.

Conclusions:

  • Varicocele repair is a cost-effective treatment for clinical varicocele with testicular hypotrophy, altered sperm, or infertility.
  • The role of varicocelectomy is debated in the context of assisted reproductive technologies.
  • Further research into varicocele's pathophysiology is crucial for understanding its effects on spermatogenesis and developing new treatments.