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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is...
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Normal stress is a type of stress that occurs when forces act perpendicular, or normal, to a material's cross-sectional area. This stress often arises in structures when subjected to axial loading, which is the application of force along the axis of an object. A practical example of this can be found in bridge truss members.
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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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The normal distribution is a useful statistical tool. One of its practical applications is determining the door height after considering the normal distribution of heights of persons, such that many can pass through it easily without striking their heads. The normal distribution can also determine the probability of a person having a height less than a specific height.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Mycobacterial DNA Extraction using Bead Beating in Custom Buffer Followed by NGS Workflow
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Mycobacterial DNA Extraction using Bead Beating in Custom Buffer Followed by NGS Workflow

Published on: June 13, 2025

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Bead-linked transposomes enable a normalization-free workflow for NGS library preparation.

Stephen Bruinsma1, Joshua Burgess1, Daniel Schlingman1

  • 1Illumina, Inc., Madison, WI, USA.

BMC Genomics
|October 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new bead-based DNA library preparation method (Nextera DNA Flex) streamlines workflows and improves results, even with low-quality or low-quantity DNA. This transposome technology offers flexibility for various genomic applications.

Keywords:
Library preparationNext-generation sequencingTransposome

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Next-Generation Sequencing

Background:

  • Transposome-based DNA library preparation is crucial for sequencing.
  • Current methods are sensitive to DNA input amount and quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce Nextera DNA Flex, a novel bead-based library preparation technology.
  • Demonstrate its performance with diverse DNA inputs and challenging samples.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized bead-conjugated transposomes for fixed DNA binding.
  • Integrated DNA extraction protocol for direct sample input (blood, saliva).
  • Tested performance with low DNA input (<1 ng), varying insert sizes, degraded FFPE samples, and diverse genomes.

Main Results:

  • Nextera DNA Flex accommodates a wide range of DNA input, with yield saturation at 100 ng.
  • Achieved uniform coverage in small genomes and improved coverage in large, complex genomes.
  • Successfully prepared libraries from FFPE samples and amplicons (50 bp to 11 kb), with reduced efficiency for <250 bp amplicons.

Conclusions:

  • Bead-based technology normalizes libraries, reducing the need for DNA quantitation.
  • Offers robustness and flexibility for various DNA input types and amounts.
  • Facilitates broad applications across genomic research fields.