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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters
Published on: November 22, 2019
Teaching about diagnostic errors through virtual patient cases: a pilot exploration
Rabih Geha1,2, Robert L Trowbridge3, Gurpreet Dhaliwal1,2
1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Medical students found a virtual patient module on diagnostic errors educational. Faculty also valued it but noted time constraints as a barrier to implementing this diagnostic safety training.
Area of Science:
- Medical Education
- Diagnostic Safety
- Healthcare Quality Improvement
Background:
- Diagnostic error is a significant issue in healthcare.
- Medical school curricula often lack focus on improving the diagnostic process and reducing errors.
- Effective teaching strategies for diagnostic error and safety are not well-established.
Purpose of the Study:
- To design, implement, and evaluate a virtual patient module for teaching medical students about diagnostic errors.
- To assess the educational value and feasibility of a novel diagnostic safety curriculum component.
Main Methods:
- Developed a virtual patient module with two linked cases illustrating diagnostic errors.
- Utilized consensus-based learning objectives from the Society to Improve Diagnosis in Medicine (SIDM).
- Piloted the module with internal medicine students and faculty, collecting feedback via surveys and qualitative analysis.
Main Results:
- Thirty-five students and 25 faculty members participated.
- Most students found the module relevant and instructive for learning about diagnostic errors.
- Faculty recognized the module's value but cited insufficient curricular time as an implementation barrier.
Conclusions:
- A prototype virtual patient module on the diagnostic process and error was found to be educational by both medical students and faculty.
- The module shows promise as a tool for enhancing diagnostic safety education.
- Further integration into medical curricula requires addressing time limitations.
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