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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
Published on: January 10, 2013
Surgical Management of Spasticity of the Shoulder
1Department of Orthopaedics, The Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York City, NY 10021, USA; Shriners Hospital for Children Philadelphia, 3551 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
Abstract:
Although spastic conditions often involve the shoulder, it is rare for surgical intervention to be required. In cases in which chemodenervation and therapy are insufficient to optimize the patient's function or minimize their care requirements, surgical options, such as tendon and joint releases, can be considered. Tendon transfers are rarely indicated. Nerve transfers, particularly contralateral C7, may play a larger role in the future as we gain further understanding into the risks, indications, and contraindications of this exciting technique.
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