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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.1K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
17.1K
Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.6K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.6K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

131.0K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
131.0K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.1K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.1K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

49.2K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
49.2K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.2K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.2K

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

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Modification of chitin structure with tailored ionic liquids.

Małgorzata M Jaworska1, Izabela Stępniak2, Maciej Galiński2

  • 1Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Warynskiego 1, 00-645, Warsaw, Poland.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|October 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquids (ILs) can modify chitin's particle structure for industrial applications. Organic acid anions and short ring substituents on ILs significantly influenced chitin modification, with some ILs reusable for dissolving chitin.

Keywords:
ChitinIonic liquidOrganic acidsParticle sizeStructure

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Chitin, a biopolymer, shows promise as an enzyme carrier due to its potential for industrial applications.
  • However, chitin's native particle structure is suboptimal for such uses.
  • Ionic liquids (ILs) offer a method to modify chitin's physical characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of various ionic liquids (ILs) in modifying chitin's particle structure.
  • To determine the influence of IL chemical structure, specifically cationic ring type and counter ion, on chitin modification.
  • To assess the reusability of ILs for chitin dissolution.

Main Methods:

  • Chitin was dissolved and precipitated using a series of ILs with varying cationic ring structures (pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, piperazinium) and organic acid counter ions (acetate, lactate).
  • Reference ILs included 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium lactate.
  • Particle size and structure changes were analyzed post-precipitation.
  • IL reusability for chitin dissolution was tested over multiple cycles.

Main Results:

  • Dissolving and precipitating chitin in ILs effectively altered its particle structure and/or size.
  • Organic acid anions and short substituents on the IL's cationic ring were key factors in particle modification.
  • The specific type of cationic ring had a less significant impact on the modification process.
  • Specific ILs ([MPpyrr][OAc], [MPpip][OAc], [DMPpz][OAc]) demonstrated reusability for at least four cycles without loss of chitin dissolution capability.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic liquids are effective agents for modifying chitin particle structure, enhancing its potential for industrial applications like enzyme carriers.
  • The choice of organic acid anion and the length of substituents on the IL's cationic ring are critical parameters for successful chitin modification.
  • Certain ILs exhibit good recyclability, supporting sustainable industrial processes.