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Related Concept Videos

Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam engine on an old-style train can produce the work needed for driving the train.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Fabrication and Use of Dry Macroporous Alginate Scaffolds for Viral Transduction of T Cells
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Macroporous alginate foams crosslinked with strontium for bone tissue engineering.

Ovidio Catanzano1, Alessandra Soriente2, Annalisa La Gatta3

  • 1Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|October 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Novel macroporous alginate foams (MAFs) were developed using internal gelation and gas foaming. These strontium-enhanced scaffolds promote human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) growth and osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration.

Keywords:
Alginate foamsHuman mesenchymal stem cellsInternal gelationOsteogenic differentiationStrontium

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Increasing demand for novel strategies in bone defect repair and regeneration.
  • Bioactive scaffolds mimicking bone tissue are crucial for biomedical applications.
  • Scaffold porosity and pore size significantly influence cell behavior and osteogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop macroporous alginate foams (MAFs) with interconnected structures.
  • To enhance the growth and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs).
  • To investigate the role of strontium as a cross-linking agent and osteogenic enhancer.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of MAFs using a combination of internal gelation and gas foaming techniques.
  • Utilizing strontium and calcium as cross-linking agents for alginate.
  • Investigating the influence of strontium ions on gelation kinetics, physical properties, and degradation.

Main Results:

  • A straightforward procedure for preparing highly porous and interconnected MAFs was established.
  • Strontium-containing MAFs demonstrated support for cell infiltration and proliferation.
  • Scaffolds with higher strontium content promoted sustained cell growth and osteogenic marker expression.

Conclusions:

  • The developed MAFs offer a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering.
  • Strontium incorporation enhances the osteogenic potential of alginate scaffolds.
  • The fabrication method is effective for creating suitable scaffolds for hMSC applications.