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Related Concept Videos

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
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The real number system cannot represent the square root of a negative number, which restricts solutions for certain equations, such as quadratics with negative discriminants. To address this, the complex number system was developed, introducing the imaginary unit i, where i = √(-1). This extension allows for the representation of all roots, including those involving negative radicands.A complex number is written in the form x + yi, where x and y are real numbers. Here, x represents the...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

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Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex: An Updated Review.

Mohamed Rizwan Haroon Al Rasheed1, Gabor Tarjan1

  • 1From the Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago (Dr Haroon Al Rasheed); and the Department of Pathology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Tarjan).

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
|October 6, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) deficiency presents diverse clinical phenotypes due to mutations in its genes. This overview highlights SDH deficiency syndrome, its non-neoplastic associations, and SDH-mutant tumors for improved genetic counseling and prognosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) plays a critical role in cellular energy production.
  • Mutations in SDH subunits and assembly factors result in distinct clinical outcomes.
  • Recent advances have clarified SDH complex deficiency syndrome and its various forms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of SDH deficiency.
  • To increase awareness of non-neoplastic associations of SDH deficiency.
  • To detail features of SDH-mutant tumors for better genetic counseling and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review
  • Analysis of clinical phenotypes
  • Review of genetic mutations and associated tumors

Main Results:

  • SDH deficiency syndrome encompasses multiple pathogenic branches.
  • Non-neoplastic conditions are associated with SDH deficiency.
  • A growing list of SDH-mutant tumors with specific features has been identified.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding SDH deficiency's broad implications is crucial.
  • Genetic counseling and prognosis prediction can be enhanced by recognizing diverse SDH-related conditions.
  • Further research into SDH-mutant tumors and non-neoplastic associations is warranted.