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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
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Torque Free Motion01:15

Torque Free Motion

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The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
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Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:13

Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

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The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Consider a rectangular current-carrying loop containing N turns of wire, placed in a uniform magnetic field. The net force on a current-carrying loop...
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Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
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Related Experiment Video

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Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque
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Optimizing Between-Session Reliability for Quadriceps Peak Torque and Rate of Torque Development Measures.

Terry L Grindstaff1, Marcus R Palimenio1, Matthew Franco1

  • 1Physical Therapy Department, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska.

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
|October 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

To optimize reliability for quadriceps strength testing, use the average of the three highest peak torque repetitions. This method enhances between-session consistency for both peak torque and rate of torque development (RTD) measures.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Quadriceps peak torque and rate of torque development (RTD) are critical metrics for assessing athletic performance and recovery from knee injuries.
  • The optimal number of repetitions for reliable RTD measurement remains unclear, with existing study variations potentially introducing measurement error.
  • Establishing consistent measurement protocols is essential for accurate tracking of strength and power changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the necessary number of repetitions to optimize between-session reliability for isometric quadriceps peak torque and RTD.
  • To quantify the measurement error associated with these strength testing parameters.
  • To identify the most reliable method for assessing quadriceps strength and RTD.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty participants underwent two testing sessions to measure isometric quadriceps peak torque and RTD at various time points (50-250 ms and maximum).
  • Between-session reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,k).
  • Minimal detectable change (MDC) and coefficient of variation (CoV) were calculated to quantify measurement error.

Main Results:

  • Between-session reliability was maximized by averaging the three repetitions yielding the highest peak torque.
  • Good reliability was observed for quadriceps peak torque (ICC2,3 = 0.98).
  • Moderate to good reliability was found for RTD measures (ICC2,3 = 0.61–0.91), with later RTD measures demonstrating less variability and higher reliability than earlier measures.

Conclusions:

  • Averaging the top three peak torque repetitions is recommended for optimizing between-session reliability in quadriceps strength testing.
  • Late RTD measures are more reliable for detecting changes between sessions compared to early RTD.
  • Minimizing variability in repetitions and testing sessions is crucial for accurate interpretation of RTD data, especially for early RTD.