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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
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A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia
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Carbocisteine stimulated an increase in ciliary bend angle via a decrease in [Cl-]i in mouse airway cilia.

Yukiko Ikeuchi1,2, Haruka Kogiso1,2, Shigekuni Hosogi1

  • 1Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.

Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology
|October 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Carbocisteine enhances respiratory function by increasing ciliary bend angle and beat frequency through distinct intracellular pH and chloride pathways. This mucoactive agent offers a novel mechanism for treating respiratory diseases.

Keywords:
Airway ciliaCiliary beating angleInner dyneinIntracellular Cl− concentration

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Area of Science:

  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Carbocisteine (CCis) is a mucoactive agent used for respiratory diseases.
  • Understanding the precise cellular mechanisms of CCis action is crucial for optimizing its therapeutic use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the specific intracellular pathways through which Carbocisteine (CCis) modulates airway ciliary function.
  • To quantify the effects of CCis on ciliary bend angle (CBA) and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and identify the ion transport mechanisms involved.

Main Methods:

  • Primary mouse airway ciliary cells were utilized to assess the effects of CCis.
  • Intracellular pH (pHi) and chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) were manipulated and measured.
  • Specific inhibitors for chloride channels (e.g., CFTR(inh)-172) and Na+/HCO3- cotransporter (NBC) were employed.
  • Experiments were conducted under both standard and CO2/HCO3- free conditions.

Main Results:

  • CCis significantly increased CBA by 30% and CBF by 10% in mouse airway ciliary cells.
  • A chloride (Cl-) pathway, independent of CO2/HCO3-, increased CBA by 20% via Cl- channel activation, decreasing [Cl-]i.
  • A pH pathway, dependent on CO2/HCO3-, increased CBF and CBA by 10% through Na+/HCO3- cotransporter (NBC) activation, elevating pHi.
  • CCis effects were independent of Protein Kinase A (PKA) and Ca2+.

Conclusions:

  • Carbocisteine (CCis) enhances airway ciliary function through two distinct pathways: reducing intracellular chloride concentration via Cl- channels (including CFTR) and increasing intracellular pH via NBC.
  • These findings provide a detailed molecular mechanism for Carbocisteine's therapeutic effects in respiratory diseases.
  • The study highlights the importance of ion transport in regulating ciliary function and mucus clearance.